2015 30:2–26.īrown A, Mills RH, Daubert CR, Casper ML. The influence of food texture and liquid consistency modification on swallowing physiology and function: a systematic review. Steele CM, Alsanei WA, Ayanikalath S, Barbon CE, Chen J, Cichero JA, Coutts K, Dantas RO, Duivestein J, Giosa L, Hanson B, Lam P, Lecko C, Leigh C, Nagy A, Namasivayam AM, Nascimento WV, Odendaal I, Smith CH, Wang H. Are we testing a true thin liquid? Dysphagia. Effects of powdered versus liquid barium on the viscosity of fluids used in modified swallow studies. Volume and frequency of breastfeedings and fat content of breast milk throughout the day. Kent JC, Mitoulas LR, Cregan MD, Ramsay DT, Doherty DA, Hartmann PE. Adequacy of human milk viscosity to respond to infants with dysphagia: experimental study. 2009 24:412–22.ĭe Almeida MBM, de Almeida JAG, Moreira MEL, Novak FR. Viscosity in infant dysphagia management: comparison of viscosity of thickened liquids used in assessment and thickened liquids used in treatment. Chicago: American Dietetic Association: Diana Faulhaber 2002. The National Dysphagia Diet: the science and practice. Liquid barium is not representative of infant formula: characterisation of rheological and material properties. Challenges in preparing contrast media for videofluoroscopy. Steele CM, Molfenter SM, Peladeau-Pigeon M, Stokely S. Matching the rheological properties of videofluoroscopic contrast agents and thickened liquid prescriptions. Popa Nita S, Murith M, Chisholm H, Engmann J. These findings highlight the clinical importance of objective measures of viscosity as well as objective data on how infant formulas or breastmilk may change in consistency when mixed with barium. When E-Z-Paque ® powdered barium was mixed in a 20 % w/v concentration with the two thicker specialty formulas (Enfamil AR 20 and 24 kcal), unexpected alterations in their original viscosity occurred. When E-Z-Paque ® powdered barium was mixed in a 20 % w/v concentration using water, standard infant formulas, or breastmilk, the resulting viscosities were at the lower end of the NDD thin range and only slightly thicker than the non-barium comparator liquids. The study showed differences in viscosity between 60 % w/v barium products (Liquid E-Z-Paque ® and E-Z-Paque ® powder) the powdered product had a much lower viscosity, despite identical barium concentration. Two specialty formulas tested had much thicker viscosities, close to the lower boundary of the NDD nectar-thick liquid range. The study findings determined that standard infant formulas and the two breastmilk samples had low viscosities, at the lower end of the National Dysphagia Diet (NDD) thin liquid range. Additionally, this study measured the viscosity of infant formulas and breastmilk when mixed with powdered barium contrast in a 20 % weight-to-volume (w/v) concentration. A TA-Instruments AR2000 Advanced Rheometer was used to measure the viscosity of five standard infant formulas, three barium products, and two breastmilk samples. The aim of the current study was to provide objective viscosity measurements for typical infant liquid diet options and barium contrast media. However, we lack research on rheological properties of frequently used infant formulas or breastmilk, and various forms of barium contrast media used in swallow studies. When assessing swallowing in infants, it is critical to have confidence that the liquids presented during the swallow study closely replicate the viscosity of liquids in the infant’s typical diet.
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